Anti Aircraft Definition - While every effort has been made to follow the citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please consult the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions.
Anti-aircraft gun, artillery piece fired from the ground or aboard a ship to defend against air attack. The development of anti-aircraft weapons began in 1910, when the airplane became an effective weapon. In World War I, standard 90 mm (3.5 in) field artillery pieces were adapted for anti-aircraft use with a mount that allowed them to be fired vertically. Identification methods were inadequate, however, and during the interwar decades great progress was made in developing rangefinders, searchlights, time fuzes, and firing methods to help artillery pieces hit fast-launching targets by planes
Anti Aircraft Definition
In World War II, rapid-fire and automatic rifles were introduced, radar was used for target tracking, and small radio waves in the air fired bullets as they approached the target. Against dive bombers and low-level attack aircraft, the 40-millimeter (1.5-inch) gun, first produced by the Swedish firm Bofors, was widely used by British and North- american It fired 2-pound (0.9-kilogram) projectiles 2 miles (3.2 km) high at 120 rounds per minute. The Soviets based their 37mm gun on this gun. Heavier guns, up to 120 mm, were used against high-flying bombers. The most successful of these were the German 88mm
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In 1953 the US Army introduced the Skysweeper, a 75-millimeter automatic cannon that fired 45 rounds per minute, aimed and fired by its own radar-computer system. With the introduction of surface-to-air missiles in the 1950s and 1960s, heavy anti-aircraft guns such as these were phased out, although 20-40mm radar-guided autocannons also continued to provide anti-aircraft protection. low flight helicopters A Swedish 40mm Bofors anti-aircraft gun mounted on a beach in French Algeria, manned by a US anti-aircraft gunnery crew (1943).
Anti-air warfare, counter-air warfare or air defense force is the territorial response to air warfare, defined by NATO as "all measures designed to eliminate or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".
Includes surface-based, surface-based (submarine-launched) and air-based weapon systems, related ssor systems, command and control arrangements, and passive measures (eg barrage balloons). It can be used to protect naval, land and air forces anywhere. However, in many countries, the main effort has been the collapse of the country. NATO refers to air defense as anti-air and naval air defense as anti-air warfare. Missile deceleration is an extension of wind deceleration, as systems to adapt to wind deceleration in the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.
In other countries, such as Britain and Germany during World War II, the Soviet Union and modern NATO, and the United States, land-based aircraft and air defense aircraft are under coordinated command and control. However, while general air paralysis can be detrimental to the homeland (including war zones), troops in the field, wherever they are, provide their own defense against air threats.
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Until the 1950s, guns firing ammunition between 7.62 mm (0.30 in) and 152.4 mm (6 in) were standard weapons; guided missiles become powerful, except at very short range (as in close-in weapon systems, typically using rotary autocannons or, in modern systems, surface-to-air adaptation of short-range air-to-air missiles, often combined into a single system with rotating guns).
The term "air defence" was probably first used by Britain when the Air Defce of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a command of the Royal Air Force in 1925 [WW1 RPPC evidence shows that the term Air Defces was in use in 1916. . First World War postcard described as "Sergeants of Anti-Aircraft Coy No.1 London Air Defenses (S.W.) 20 February 1916". However, programs in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in use until the 1950s. After World War I, it was sometimes referred to as "light" or "heavy" (LAA or HAA) to distinguish the type of weapon or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include "AA", "AAA" or "triple-A" (short for "anti-aircraft artillery"), flak (from the German), "ack-ack" (from the spelling used by British to pronounce "AA");
And "archie" (a WW1 British term possibly coined by Amyas Borton, and believed to derive from the Royal Flying Corps, from music hall comedian George Robey's line "Archibald, isn't it!"
NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to deter naval forces from attacks by air weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based installations."
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In some militaries, the term All-Arms Air Defense (AAAD) is used for air defense by professional soldiers. Other terms from the late 20th century include "ground-based air defense" (GBAD) and the related terms "short-range air defense" (SHORAD) and man-portable air defense system (MANPADS). Anti-aircraft missiles are separately called surface-to-air missiles, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW). Some examples are the RIM-66 Standard missile, Raytheon Standard Missile 6 or the MBDA Aster missile.
Also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), meaning bright 'flak', and the Russian name Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-aircraft defense", abbreviated as PVO.
In Russian, AA systems are called zitnye (meaning "aiming at zith") systems (guns, missiles, etc.). In French, air defense is called DCA (Défse contre les aéronefs, aéronef which is the general term for all types of aerial threats (plane, airplane, balloon, missile, rocket).
The maximum distance at which a cannon or missile can be aimed at an aircraft is an important number. However, many different definitions are used, but unless the same definition is used, the performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. AA weapons can only take advantage of the upward part of the trajectory. One word is "ceiling", max ceiling is the height a projectile can reach if fired straight up, not useful by itself as few AA guns can shoot up and fuse duration can be very short , but it is very useful. standard for comparing different weapons.
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The British adopted an "effective ceiling", meaning the height at which a cannon could fire a series of projectiles at a moving target; this can be hindered by the longer fuse duration and weapon capacity. In the late 1930s, the British definition was "the distance at which a target approaching directly at 400 mph [640 km/h] can be closed 20 seconds before the gun reaches an elevation of 70 degrees".
The essence of air defense is to find enemy aircraft and destroy them. The key issue is achieving a goal that moves in three dimensions; the attack must not only match these three links, but must do so while the target is in this state. This means that projectiles must be guided to reach the target, or be guided to the intended location of the target when the projectile reaches it, taking into account both the speed and direction of the target as of the projectile.
Throughout the 20th century, air defense was one of the most rapidly developing areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aviation and using technologies such as radar, missiles and computing (initially electromechanical analogue to from the 1930s, as the machines are described below). Improvements were made to fountains, technical fire control, weapons, and command and control. At the beginning of the 20th century these were very old or non-existent.
But they were soon replaced by radar, which in turn was supported by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained dominant until the late 1930s, when Britain developed an integrated system
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Of the ADGB coordinated ground-based air diversions for the British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command, although air strikes used in the field relied on less sophisticated systems. NATO later called these arrangements the "air defense ground environment," defined as "a network of ground-based radar sites and command and control centers within a specific theater of operations used to control the operations of air defense".
Gagemt rules are important to avoid crosswinds on cold or neutral planes. Their use is aided but not controlled by electronic identification cold or foe (IFF) devices that were first introduced in World War II. Although these rules come from the highest authority, different rules may apply to different types of air disturbance covering the same area at the same time. AAAD often operates under strict rules.
Until the 1950s, shotguns were the most common weapon; guided missiles were powerful except at very short ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fusion and, with the arrows the arrangement of the direction, varied and varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; however, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission, and even if they can return and land in the cold, they may be out of action for days or even forever. Ignoring small arms and small machine guns, ground-based air defense guns varied in caliber from 20 mm to at least 152 mm.
Passive air defense is defined by NATO as "passive measures taken to protect personnel, essential installations and
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